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Kayaking Articles
Whitewater Kayaking
by Stephen Marshak
Perhaps, 7000 year ago, kayaks-boats with a sealed top, tapered at each end-became
the principal means by which fishermen navigated the icy waters along the coast
of what is now Alaska. If a kayak started to capsize, the kayaker executed a
maneuver popularly called the "Eskimo roll": with carefully time
sweeps of a double-ended paddle, she pivoted the boat through 360 (since their
tops are sealed, kayaks can_t fill with water) until it once again became
upright.
Kayaking as a sport first developed just before World War I, and by the
1930s it had become popular worldwide. Sport kayakers fall into two groups:
touring kayakers, who cruise long distances along coasts or down quiet rivers,
and whitewater kayakers, who join rafters in challenging the rush of gravity in
the rapids of a fast-moving stream. Whitewater kayaking requires not only skill
and strength, but also profound knowledge or a river. Kayakers spend hours
studying a challenging reach of a stream, looking for a path that steer clear
of deadly boulders or falls.
Just as geologists use geology jargon to refer to parts of a river, kayakers
use their own jargon when describing rapids. For example, riffles are small
rapids above a shallow gravel bar; an eddy is a protected stretch in which
water circles lazily; a cushion is the bulge or water that builds up over a
submerged obstacle; a ledge is a row of boulders across which a small waterfall
develops; a chute is a narrow channel between obstacles; and a hole is the
depression on the downstream side of a boulder into which water plunges and
overturns.
Depending on the
violence of the flow, the size of holes, the vertical drop across ledges, and
the difficulty in finding chutes, whitewater kayakers classify rapids from
class I (easiest) to class V (virtually impossible to navigate). The
classification depends on the size of the obstacles relative to the depth of
the stream, the overall stream gradient, and the discharge. As basic strategy,
river runner aim for chutes, try to avoid going over the top of a cushion (they
prefer to slide off the side), and steer clear of holes. They aim for eddies
whenever they need a rest.
